![]() The country's transition to coal as a principal energy source was more or less complete by the end of the 17th century. ![]() Energy Deforestation in England had led to a shortage of wood for lumber and fuel starting in the 16th century. A great many rural workers and families were forced to migrate to the cities to become industrial laborers. The enclosure movement, which converted common-use pasture land into private property, contributed to this trend toward market-oriented agriculture. Poorer peasants had a harder time making ends meet through traditional farming. This same combination of factors also brought about a shift toward large-scale commercial farming. The result was a huge increase in yields, capable of feeding a rapidly growing population. Progress was also made in crop rotation and land use, soil health, development of new crop varieties, and animal farming. These included new types of equipment, such as the seed drill. Several factors came together in 18th-century Britain to bring about a major increase in agricultural productivity. Agriculture Western European farming methods had been improving slowly over the centuries. Below are some key examples of the important changes that occurred. ![]() A huge variety of new tools and machines were first introduced during this period. It began in Great Britain and then spread to other European countries and the United States. The Industrial Revolution (1750–1850) was perhaps the most significant transformation in human history, because of its wide-ranging effect on people's daily lives. ![]()
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